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Initially, Wouters attempted to glitch the chip at the end of its boot cycle-when the Linux operating system has fully loaded-but ultimately found it easier to cause the glitch at the start of the boot. “Normally you want to avoid shorts,” he says.

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The glitch works against the signature verification process. “From a high-level view, there are two obvious things that you could try to attack: the signature verification or the hash verification,” Wouters says. The attack then deploys patched firmware on later bootloaders, which allows him to take control of the dish. Wouters’ attack runs the glitch against the first bootloader, known as the ROM bootloader, which is burned onto the system-on-chip and can’t be updated.

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When the Starlink dish is turning on, it uses a series of different bootloader stages. To get access to the dish’s software, Wouters used his custom system to bypass security protections by using the voltage fault injection attack. Wouters’ modchip reads: “Glitched on Earth by humans.” When creating the user terminal’s board, Starlink engineers printed “Made on Earth by humans” across it. The modchip itself is made up of a Raspberry Pi microcontroller, flash storage, electronic switches, and a voltage regulator. The modchip requires soldering to the existing Starlink PCB and connecting it using a few wires. To design the modchip, Wouters scanned the Starlink dish and created the design to fit over the existing Starlink board. Using a combination of a “heat gun, prying tools, isopropyl alcohol, and a lot of patience,” he was able to remove the large metal cover from the dish and access its internal components. Starting in May 2021, Wouters began testing the Starlink system, getting 268-Mbps download speeds and 49-Mbps upload speeds on his university building’s roof. “We’re using this to accurately time when to inject the glitch,” Wouters says. Broadly, the attack using the custom circuit board works by bypassing signature verification security checks, which look to prove that the system is launching correctly and hasn’t been tampered with. His attacks against the user terminal involved multiple stages and technical measures before he finally created the now open source circuit board that can be used to glitch the dish. “The user terminal was definitely designed by capable people,” Wouters says. However, Wouters, who previously created hardware that can unlock a Tesla in 90 seconds, looked at the security of the terminal and its chips. Others discuss the technical specs on Reddit. Engineers on YouTube have opened up their terminals, exposing their components and how they work. There have been multiple teardowns of Starlink’s user terminals since the company started selling them. This “glitch” allows Wouters to get into previously locked parts of the Starlink system. Once attached to the Starlink dish, the homemade printed circuit board (PCB) is able to launch a fault injection attack-temporarily shorting the system-to help bypass Starlink’s security protections.

The hacking tool, a custom circuit board known as a modchip, uses off-the-shelf parts that cost around $25. To access the satellite dish’s software, Wouters physically stripped down a dish he purchased and created a custom hacking tool that can be attached to the Starlink dish.

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At the Black Hat security conference in Las Vegas, Wouters will detail how a series of hardware vulnerabilities allow attackers to access the Starlink system and run custom code on the devices. Today, Lennert Wouters, a security researcher at the Belgian university KU Leuven, will reveal one of the first security breakdowns of Starlink’s user terminals, the satellite dishes (dubbed Dishy McFlatface) that are positioned on people’s homes and buildings. Now, like any emerging technology, those satellite components are being hacked. Thousands more satellites are planned for launch as the industry booms.

This satellite network beams internet connections to hard-to-reach locations on Earth and has been a vital source of connectivity during Russia’s war in Ukraine. Since 2018, Elon Musk’s Starlink has launched more than 3,000 small satellites into orbit.

Hacked space engineers download early access